Antifungal Activity of Plant Waste Extracts against Phytopathogenic Fungi: Allium sativum Peels Extract as a Promising Product Targeting the Fungal Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall

The harmful effect of synthetic fungicides on the environment and development resistance by fungi raises concerns about their security future efficacy. In this work, we investigated plant by-products with antifungal activity that could be safe alternatives to conventional fungicides. in vitro potential by-product extracts showed garlic peel extract (GPE) was most effective against several phytopathogenic fungi. Accordingly, ex situ assays apples, GPE significantly reduced lesion size caused subepidermal inoculation Colletotrichum acutatum spores. addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strains affected ergosterol synthesis higher than parental strain, indicating might target an intermediate pathway. Moreover, affects cell wall, given bck1 mkk1/mkk2 mutants were less able cope stress because impairment remodeling mechanisms. Regarding apoptosis-deficient yca1, sensitivity similar suggesting does not induce apoptosis. A diverse group sulfur compounds identified gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Our findings contribute elucidation mechanism highlight its as alternative biofungicide agriculture.